Contrasting Shakespeares Richard with the Historical Figure Essay exam

There are two Richards: the Machiavellian monster created by Shakespeare and the historical figure who many historians claim is a much-maligned innocent man. So is Richard the sinner or the one sinned against? How can we decide? Is a decision even possible? In Shakespeare's play Richard III, Richard describes himself as a deformed malcontent in the opening soliloquy. (Shakespeare often uses physical deformity to mirror an evil mind.) I, that am curtail'd of this fair proportion, Cheated of feature by dissembling nature, Deformed, unfinish'd, sent before my time Into this breathing world, scarce half made up, ... And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover, To entertain these fair well-spoken days, I am determined to prove a villain And hate the idle pleasures of these days. (1.1.18-31) Many historians, on the other hand, have a different view of the man. For instance, in the 1956 biography Richard the Third, Paul Murray Kendall describes Richard based on contemporary writings and two well-known portraits of the King. Most contemporary descriptions bear out the evidence of these portraits that Richard had no noticeable bodily deformity, and establish him as a thin, frail man of a little less than normal height. (537) The most heinous crime that the Tudors (the kings who succeeded Richard to the throne) accused Richard of committing was the murder of his nephews-Edward V and Richard, Duke of York-the sons of his brother, the former king, Edward IV. How seriously should we take this accusation? What evidence supports it? Kendall writes, "If we take 'evidence' to mean testimony that would secure a verdict in a court of law, there is no evidence that he [Rich... ...ing skills that will lead to success both in school and in life. Works Cited Fields, Bertram. Royal Blood: Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes. New York: ReganBooks, 1998. Kendall, Paul Murray. Richard the Third. New York: Norton, 1983. - - - . Richard III: The Great Debate. New York: Norton, 1992. Looking for Richard. Dir. Al Pacino. Perf. Al Pacino, Alec Baldwin, Aidan Quinn, Winona Ryder, and Kevin Spacey. Videocassette. Fox, 1996. The Missing Princes of England. Dir. Melissa Jo Peltier. Narr. David Ackroyd. Videocassette. New Video Group, 1998. Shakespeare, William. Richard III. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. New York: Washington Square Press, 1996. Tey, Josephine. The Daughter of Time. New York: Scribner, 1988. Weir, Alison. The Princes in the Tower. New York: Ballantine Books, 1995.

Organizational Management and Operations Paper

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS PAPER Juan Malfavon CJA/484 v2 July 13, 2012 Gregory Baugh * Criminal Justice Trends Paper * The Policing component is only one part of the criminal justice system (triad of justice) that includes Policing, Courts, and Corrections, and it is the primary tier that generates criminal arrests, prosecutions, restraints, criminal activity, and protects the peace. * This paper will review the policing function of the criminal justice system and will identify, compare, and contrast the policing function at the local, state, and federal organizational levels of the criminal justice system.An analysis of the organizational, management, administration, and operational functions at these three organizational levels will be assessed for similarity of leadership and differences. * According to â€Å"Police Crunch† (2012), â€Å"To be an effective police/law enforcement officer, one must understand where we (law enforcement) has been, where society believes we are and what the heck is going to happen in the future† (Para. 1). For society to continue a policing effectiveness, one must also understand the leadership aspects associated with managing personnel, and equipment at all levels of law enforcement.Keeping the peace; be it local or national requires tremendous resources, and an acutely instinctive leadership base. * Police Function Comparison Defining law enforcement capability also requires identifying agencies that work in the same capacity of law enforcement; that is, protecting the pace, enforcing laws, and combating crime. In the article Trends and Practices in Law Enforcement and Private Security by the Law Enforcement-Private Security Consortium (2009).The Consortium defines law enforcement as the following agencies; Public law enforcement agencies, including local, state, and tribal police departments; sheriffs’ departments, and federal agencies, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the U. S. Secret Service, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and many others. The purpose of identifying these agencies is to support the reader’s perspective of what law enforcement agencies are; be they local, state or federal.Policing at any level of civil capacity requires an arduous amount of time, resources, and most important; dependable personnel, and quality leadership. Technology and all its capabilities not only, but also help the law enforcement community to track and prevent possible crimes, and with the implementation of the county, state, and federal policing system, have arisen many positive attributes, one in particular is that policing agencies should model the same common goal.The prevention of crime and protection of life, to uphold and enforce the law, to combat public fear of crime, to promote community safety, to control traffic, to encourage respect for the law, and to protect the civil rights, and liberties of individuals (Heath & Terry, 2008). However; Costs associated with policing communities, educating police officers and keeping in line with the policing functions as depicted by Sir Robert Peel, are skyrocketing in the face of ever increasing criminal activity.To add to the decreasing structure of law enforcement, the lack of uniformity of leadership within these legal communities is a remarkable forfeiture in manpower development, and leadership continuity, which only serves to strengthen the criminal community. There are many varieties of police department operational functions that include: diversity in the hiring of the police officers as well as the type of training received.Many police agencies develop their own forum for training their officers in accordance with local policies. Unfortunately; not all police departments maneuver the same, and in most cases do not even operate under the same principles of policing or leadership development, thus the locale, state, and federal policing agencies have some policing similarity, but operate under completely diverse training, and operational standards, which account for operational mistakes, and unnecessary costs.One theory in relation to how some agencies are controlled is called the organizational theory, this theory argues that; a police officers’ conduct and deportment is shaped by his or her fellow officers and the culture of policing in that area. This can be true for all levels of law enforcement, and leadership at any regional setting. Some of these models are very rigid, and orderly, such as the quasi-military style model, where the organization functions much like a ilitary unit, such as the swat teams do, where battle dress uniforms are worn and military style tactics are employed for all training, this style of policing is more widely accepted at the local and state level of policing. During the authors tenure as a United States Marine, and acting in the capacity of a Military P olice Officer; training is based on military structure and much ridged, even when handling civilian personnel on or off base, the training was directive and demanded absolute aggressiveness, be it verbal or physical.There are also other less rigid programs of leadership such as the dominant style of policing model, the task force policing model, and the zero tolerance policing models (Walker & Katz). These models gravitate to a more civil capacity in handling personnel and civil issues and are more widely used by small town police forces or federal agencies. Just as people are different; so too are supervisory roles, mission statements and leaderships. Every policing organization has its common goals to adhere to such as, crime prevention, traffic, crime control, safety, and education, to name a few examples.The values and principles of policing are largely dictated by the area’s leading director, and the types of crimes that are associated with the local precinct. This uncan ny process of regional legal factors should serve to re-enforce, or to strengthen possible gaps in policing agencies, their logistics, training, and personnel issues through information sharing and innovative leadership, which is more commonly used and practiced nationwide. Organizational Similarities * With the aid of technology, and new law enforcement relationship’s established throughout the continental United States.Policing programs such as, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) and several other American agencies have established joint partnering programs with local law enforcement agencies (Fact Sheet: The USA Patriot Act – A Proven Homeland Security Tool,  2005). * This new form of joint policing has been made possible in large part because of the 911 terror attacks, and the signing of the USA Patriot act, authorizing law enforcement agencies to share information across state lines.This policing program structure has brought a significant punch to the w orld of policing at the national and international crime fighting arenas. * Although the law enforcement community has had a financial boon with the passage of the USA Patriot act, budgetary and management issues continue to have an impact on the policing community at all levels of legal enforcements, and the other tiers of the criminal justice system are also feeling the manpower, and financial pinch. It is for this reason that training programs like that of the Law Enforcement-Private Security Consortium. (2009), have established literature to support the uniformity training standards from which all law enforcement agencies can retrieve training guides, ideas, support, and assistance in improving the programs in their community and in their fight to combat crime, and secure the peace within their region or policing level, be it local, state, or federal.This program handbook is available to every policing agency and is published by the department of justice to ensure a uniformity s tructure among all policing agencies. Although there is a distinct difference between the uniforms that local, state, and federal agencies wear, there is little distinction in the mission of each agency, which is to maintain civil compliance with local, state and federal laws and to ensure the safety of its citizenry, but the underlying fact is that all agencies operate differently in leadership and with different goals. Leadership Characteristics * The federal level of law enforcement, which for the most part operates on the same level as the lower level agencies is tasked with bringing higher levels of criminals to justice such as, interstate drug traffickers, human trafficking as well as serial killers, and internationally wanted criminals. This type of program requires more funding, intelligence gathering, better equipment, and resources as well as leadership, intellect, discipline, and experience.An officer at this level should be thoroughly equipped and supported by all other agencies within the judicial system. * The state and local level leadership programs should focus on internal issues and implement programs to support the federal level agencies and to learn from the programs, and leadership characteristics that enable national and international enforcement agencies to handle such varied criminal traffic. * Close The future of law enforcement at the local, state, and federal level will have to convert to a more strategic in environment for law enforcement organizations because of the overwhelming amount of cybercrimes, human smuggling, drug trade and increased egregious crimes against humanity that are emerging within the United States and other countries. Information sharing will becomes easier and strategic in combating all crimes for law enforcement agencies, and will be the spear head to eradicating potential crimes at local, state and federal agencies. As law enforcement organizations at the local, state and federal level learn to compare, adju st, and recalibrate leadership responsibility, connect with information sharing programs and learn to work in unison to facilitate a uniformity style leadership programs, criminals and their factions will eventually start to follow a systematic shut down. * This study reviewed the policing functions at the local, state, and federal levels.An analysis of the organizational management, administration, and operational functions of these three regional law enforcement agencies revealed how law enforcement agencies at all levels have the same mission yet carry it out it in varied ways. * A view of the leadership characteristics and responsibilities showed how agents at the federal level require more training, funds, equipment and communication with lower level programs to adequately accomplish the mission of national and global policing. * * * * * * ReferencesLaw Enforcement in the 21st Century, Second Edition, by Heath B. Grant and Karen J. Terry. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright à ‚ © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. * Law Enforcement-Private Security Consortium. (2009). Trends and Practics in Law * Enforcement and Private Security Collaborations . : U. S. Department of Justice. Police crunch. com. (2012). Retrieved from http://policecrunch. com Walker, S. , & Katz, C. M. The Police In America: An Introduction (6th ed. ). New York, New York: McGraw Hill. *

Corporate Crime Definition Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2767 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Tags: Criminology Essay Did you like this example? Why has the analysis of crimes of the powerful been such a growth area in criminology over the past century? It is tempting to give a simple or even simplistic answer to the above question: it is tempting to say that analysis and theory of crimes of the powerful have grown so quickly in the last century because the quantity and diversity of such crimes have themselves exploded outwards. As the number of crimes committed by the powerful have risen exponentially across the years and continents, so the police forces, crime-prevention agencies and legislators of the governments charged with halting these crimes have had to evolve into larger and more complex organizations also. For instance, amongst myriad forms of organized crime that developed in the twentieth century, one pertinent recent example is the efflorescence of high-tech and internet crime, where professional and international gangs manipulate technology to extort or steal large sums of money from the public. High-tech crime is of course a recent phenomenon; it did not exist at the turn of the last century. Therefore analysi s of such activities by law agencies has grown to respond to this new threat; moreover, the analysis and prevention of such crimes has had to grow in sophistication and size just as the crimes themselves have done. Organized crime be it narcotic trafficking, prostitution rings, corporate crimes and so on has become a massive international business, and it has required larger agencies equipped with better criminal theory and technology and international cooperation between agencies to deal with it. Moreover, the clear lapse between the professionalism and techniques of many criminal organizations and the law agencies that pursue them will require these agencies to catch-up to the advances of these criminals in the next decades. Meaning, of course, that this catch-up will depend heavily upon advances in criminal theory and analysis. Crimes of the powerful are not exclusively concerned with illegal activities of the above description, but also with crimes committed by corpo rations, by governments, by dictators and even, in an interesting new perspective, by patriarchal gender structures that sanction crimes of power against women. The attention of law agencies and legislators upon these crimes has led to a mass of new analysis and theory by criminologists on the nature of such crimes. Likewise, several theories compete to describe the causes of organized crime and crimes of the powerful. One such theory points to social change as the most profound catalyst in the spread of organized crime and the detection of organized crime. This theory assimilates the teachings of sociology, psychology, anthropology and history to produce a detailed sociological critique of these causes. In the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries, many acts committed by the powerful that would today be classified as criminal were then merely pseudo-illegal or socially disapproved of; they carried no specific criminal offence. But social and legislative advances have made the pr osecution of crimes of the powerful easier. For instance, the prosecution of corporate crime is, theoretically at least, far easier to identify and prosecute than it was in the early twentieth century. Moreover, greater media exposure of the life of corporations and governments has magnified their crimes whenever they are committed. A moment of this essay might be given to discuss exactly what is meant by the phrase crimes of the powerful. Indeed, a person unfamiliar with the literature of criminology might be forgiven for regarding the term as somewhat amorphous and nebulous: he might argue that nearly any criminal phenomenon could be termed a crime of the powerful. The dictionary defines a crime as an act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare. An evil or injurious act; an offence, as in; esp. of grave character (Oxford, 1989). It is difficult to see how the word power could not be inserted into any part of this definit ion and for it still to make sense. There is therefore in the pure black letter interpretation of the law a huge shaded area that allows for misinterpretation of the term crime of power. Can, for instance, a crime of the powerful be a physical act? Or must it the top levels of an organization? Moreover, the use of the word crime is itself ambiguous. The trafficking of drugs or children is clearly illegal and criminal according to the principles of law; but we also speak of corporate crimes against the public withholding medicines from the dying, adulterating foods etc., as crimes even though they have no explicit recognition as such in law. There is then a near infinite possible extension of the word crime when one uses the word in the sense of something that ought to be illegal rather than something that is presently illegal. In Smiths words: If a crime is to be understood simply as law violation, thenno matter how immoral, reprehensible, damaging or dangerous an act is , it is not a crime unless it is made such by the authorities of the state . There is moreover often the paradoxical situation where a government that commits crimes of power against its people can only be legally recognized as doing such if it passes legislation against itself. This is obviously extremely unlikely to happen and so many such crimes go unnoticed. It is often directly against the interests of certain groups or interests to recognize the existence of certain crimes because they then have to recognize theory legal existence also. Recently however, one growth of criminal analysis of the powerful has come from greater international laws that allow for the international legal recognition of crimes committed by dictators or despots when they would never do this themselves. For instance, Saddam Hussein is near universally thought to have committed crimes of power against his people; such things were never legally recognized as crimes as such until a body such as the United Nations had the international authority to declare the illegal actions of heads of states. Sociologists and psychologists amongst other groups (Chesterton, 1997) have argued that the moral, sociological and psychological aspects of crimes of the powerful should be recognized by criminologists to a far greater extent. By using approaches such as these criminologists can add the activities of environmental pollution, insider trading, and tax evasion to the public consciousness of what constitute crimes of the powerful. In Sellins (2003) words if the study of crime is to attain an objective and scientific status, it should not allow itself to be restricted to the terms and boundaries of enquiry established by legislators and politicians . According to scholars authors like Chesterton and Dupont the intense interest in by criminologists in the analysis and prevention of crimes of the powerful is due to the massive growth and myriad new forms of these crimes. Perhaps the most powerful criminals whose crimes are explicitly illegal are international drug trafficking organizations. In 2004, according to Smith (Smith, 2004) 550 billion of cocaine and other illegal substances were transported illegally internationally. This trade is therefore lager than the GDP of many African and other third-world countries. Faced with this massive business and with its catastrophic social consequences traditional law agencies and their democratic legislators have had to radically alter the way they investigate and prosecute these crimes. The extreme complexity and ingenuity of international drug cartels have meant that governments have had to build equally complex systems of criminological analysis and technique to limit these crimes. Complex intelligence agencies like the MI5 and MI6 in England and the CIA and FBI in the United States now have innumerable specialist intelligence groups of scientists, field-officers and so on investigating the crimin al nature and consequences of organized crime such as drug trafficking, the shipping of illegal weapons and so on. Perhaps the only organizations on earth with greater power than the above organized crime syndicates are the international corporations of Western countries like Britain, America and soon. Many critics of these organizations (Chomsky, 2003) allege that the secret crimes of these corporations exceed even those of the drug barons. For instance, everyone will be familiar with the recent scandals of Enron, Anderson and Paramalat where billions of pounds were swindled by these massive companies. This white-collar crime was half a century ago hardly investigated and such crimes went essentially unnoticed. But greater public consciousness of the activities of these companies through the media has theoretically at least imposed a greater accountability and potential punishment for companies who exploit either their shareholders or their customers. This increased intere st in corporate crime has led in turn to the need for a vast number of criminologists to produce theories to explain the causes of such crimes and then strategies for their prevention. A further consequence of the media revolution of the past century and the changed social assumptions of our society has meant that the crimes of governments as crimes of power are now open to far greater than public and professional scrutiny and analysis than they ever have been before. Twenty-four hour television and instant access to news stories and the daily events of our political life have meant that the public can therefore criticise the crimes of their governments with greater ease than before. For instance, the vociferous protests in 2003 by citizens of Western democracies against the invasion of Iraq were due to the belief of those citizens that their governments had acted illegally and criminally in invading that country. Traditionally, such crimes do not fall into the sphere of cr iminology because of the numerous problems identified in the definition paragraph of this essay. However, criminologists, at least theoretically, and urged by famous opponents of the war like Noam Chomsky and Michael Moore, are coming to analyse and investigate the issues and theoretical difficulties of holding entire governments to account for committing crimes of power. Many of the principles used by criminologists to analyse the techniques and structures of organized crime indicates are being suggested to be transferred to an analysis of the crimes of government. The analysis of government crime may prove to be one of the most fruitful of the coming decades for criminologists. In this essay then, the term crimes of the powerful refers to such crimes as are carried out by organized criminal gangs (either national or international), by corporations, by governments, by powerful individuals such as corrupt magnates, businessmen and so on. Such crimes might include: corporate fraud, corporate mal-practise, illegal narcotics or arms; high-tech crimes such as computer fraud. It is necessary for the student of criminology to know something of the state criminal affairs at the end of the 19th century if he is to find a clear answer for the growth of analysis of crimes of the powerful in the twentieth century. One strong reason why analysis of such crimes was less in say 1900 was that many organized crimes did not exist at all. For instance, the use of narcotics like opium and heroin were widespread amongst all levels of society but legal also; the trade of these drugs were controlled by legally registered companies and there existed no illegal market for their production or importation. Accordingly, since these acts were not understood as crimes, British police did not need to analyse the behaviour or causes of these. Moreover, the size of the police force as well as its technical and theoretical know-how were far smaller than they are today in Brit ain, America, France and so on. Similarly, whilst many companies exploited the Victorian workforce, none did so in the systematic and pre-determined fashion that is characteristic of Anderson, Enron or Parmalat in the past ten years. Other crimes of the powerful like high-tech computer fraud obviously required no analysis or theory of criminology since they did not exist at all. Similarly, in James Smiths (Smith,1999, p44) memorable phrase At the dawn of the twenty-first century the Western world faces a plethora of organised criminality of the like that it has never known before. From the mass trafficking of illegal narcotics, to whole-scale prostitution, to high-tech computer fraud, to corporate offences on a giant scale, the police forces and criminal prevention agencies of the new century will meet challenges as they have never glimpsed in the past. And, a little further on, They will no longer compete against petty or isolated crimes of individuals, but against the sophisticated and organized attempts to make vast fortunes by systematically breaking the law. In this contest between law officer and criminal former is now far behind; it remains to be seen whether he will catch-up in the near decades (Smith, 1999, p44). Another area of rapid growth in crimes of the powerful has been the feminist critique of domestic violence committed against women by dominant males. Feminists of the last few decades have argued cogently that the term crimes of the powerful should include also these domestic abuses because of the patriarchal structures within our society that promote such abuses. The explosion of such feminist critiques flows from the fact that before this century there was no feminism as such, and domestic abuse was either not considered a crime or it was publicly invisible or ignored. The changing social philosophies such as liberalism and attitudes of the twentieth century gave birth to a greater consciousness for women and the refore greater demands for them for social and legal equality. This, in the 1960s and 1970s, leading feminists like Germane Greer campaigned for recognition of the domination of women by societal institutions and conventions that are massively weighted in favour of men. Feminist scholars and theorists argue that the vast majority of these structures and the crimes they inflict upon women are unreported; marital rape is the most frequent abuse, and nearly 80% of women in this predicament are abused repeatedly (Painter, 1991). A whole host of crimes committed by men supported by social institutions go unreported and unprosecuted. Some feminists therefore describe a fundamental imbalance in the power structures of Western society, and that agencies and organizations should be set up to combat and prevent this crime. In S. Griffins words: Men in our culture are taught and encouraged to rape women as the symbolic expression of male power (Griffin, 1971) and Brownmiller says eloqu ently that rapists are the shock troops of patriarchy, necessary for male domination. Some men may not rape, but only because their power over women is already secured by the rapists who have done their work for them (Brownmiller, 1976). This feminine critique therefore demands a considerable extension of the definition of the term crimes of the powerful to include all those thousands of incidents of unseen violence issued from an entire gender that has power over another. In this sense, arguably feminists have uncovered the crime of the powerful of all. According to feminists, the truths of this oppression has been recognised partially by criminological theorists by the tides of social legislation that have been passed in recent years to protect women from domestic violence. Nonetheless, say that criminologists yet lack a complete or detailed analytical theory of such violence; this itself being reflected by the dominance in criminology of males. In the final analysi s, the growth of the analysis of crimes of the powerful may be attributed principally to the growth of the number and types of such crimes and the subsequent need to investigate and prevent them. Some crimes of the powerful such as drug trafficking are nearly entirely new to our age, and criminologists have had to develop wholly new theories and techniques to combat it. On the other hand, entirely new academic critiques like those of feminism, sociology and psychology have identified and produced theories to describe invisible crimes of power against groups who before the last century had to suffer in silence. Criminologists too have had to swallow these theories and then learn methods and techniques to apply them to our modern world. Similarly, the rise of mass media and the extension of democratic institutions have enabled citizens with far better information about the behaviour of their corporations and governments; this awareness has in turn led to a consciousness of the s imilarity of nature between illegal crimes like drug-smuggling and corporate crimes like deliberately withholding medicines from the sick or the invasion of a foreign country. These new fields of investigation have given the criminologist much to think about. The student of criminology should not forget that the subject he studies had itself evolved over the last century to become a highly professional and international and therefore capable of greater levels and specializations in analysis than it could ever have been before. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporate Crime Definition Example For Free" essay for you Create order

Short Story - 1279 Words

It was the party of the year, only the hottest, richest, and most popular teen socialites could attend. It was in celebration of surviving their first full week of senior year. There they were, scattered across the enormous penthouse, martinis in hand and holding meaningless conversations with people they probably didn’t like talking about how much daddy’s money bought them this weekend.It was the same spiel over and over again, money this money that, it was almost like because they had so much money its all they could talk about. There was however something else a little less shallow among their conversations. There had been rumours circulating around Pembroke Preparatory School all week that Cordelia Scott, the once wild child â€Å"it† girl†¦show more content†¦Priscilla Vanderbilt, Cordelias best friend since diapers (well ex-best friend now) replaced Cordelia as Queen Bee when she disappeared for the summer. 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The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Drugs And Psychoactive Drugs - 925 Words

Psychoactive drugs are chemicals that affect the nervous system. When a psychoactive drug is taken it can cause changes in mood, emotions, feelings and thoughts. These drugs can also change how a person perceives things and can alter the consciousness of that person (Plotnik Kouyoumdijian, 2014). Psychoactive drugs can be illicit or licit, illegal or legal. Both licit and illicit psychoactive drugs can cause affect a person. Some examples of licit psychoactive drugs are coffee, alcohol, and tobacco. Cocaine, heroin, and LSD are all examples of illicit psychoactive drugs. In most cases the illicit psychoactive drugs have some more recognizable symptoms. But both illicit and licit drugs cause visible symptoms in the people that use these†¦show more content†¦Even after a addict has stopped using a drug they often relapse and begin using the drug again. Both behavioral and environmental factors play a role in addiction. Some environmental factors that can play a role in addiction are parents, family members, and peers abusing drugs. These environmental factors play a role in a person developing an addiction because they are around it and see it, that is all they know. Genetic factors are inherited. If a parent is an addict the children is likely to be a addict. People w ho have an addiction are likely to build up a tolerance against the drug. Tolerance means a person who uses a drug repeatedly over a period of time, the original dosage of the drug will not give the desired effect, so a higher dosage is needed to get the desired effect (Addiction, 2017). Dependency There are two main types of dependency. The first type of dependency is physiological dependency, this means that the change in the nervous system so that a person now needs to take the drug to prevent the occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawals are painful physical and psychological symptoms that take place after a person who is dependent on drugs stops using the drug. Withdrawals can cause various side effects that range from uncomfortable pain to fatality. Some of the symptoms of withdrawal are fatigue, anxiety,vomiting, depression,Show MoreRelatedPsychoactive Drugs1914 Words   |  8 PagesPsychoactive Drugs are chemical substances that alter behavior, mood, perception, or mental functioning. Through the consumption of substances many cultures have found ways to alter consciousness. Psychoactive substances apply their effects by transforming biochemical or physiological processes in the brain. The message system of nerve cells, or neurons, relies on both electrical and chemical transmission. Neurons rarely touch each other; there is a microscopic gap between one neuron and the nextRead MorePsychoactive Drugs And Its Effects On Human Consciousness1284 Words   |  6 PagesA psychoactive drug is any substance that can be used to change brain function. This resulting change is responsible for alterations in perception, mood, and consciousness. As long as man has had a basic grasp on understanding consciousness they have tried delving deeper and deeper into their own consciousness and not only grown a larger respect for just how deep they can go but have had experiences that have encouraged them to go deeper. Rock paintings and fossil finds from as far back as 10,000Read MorePsychoactive Drugs Can Have On An Individual s Brain1612 Words   |  7 PagesTo fully und erstand the affects that psychoactive drugs can have on an individual’s brain, one has to first define the term, dissect the history and use, know what factors cause addiction, and what leads to drug dependency. What is a psychoactive drug? A psychoactive drug, psycho-pharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, or consciousness (drug, n.d). Typically the term drug alone can be seen or associated withRead MorePsychoactive Drug Addiction2235 Words   |  9 Pagesbut the biology of a person s body is a major factor. These substances, which are called psychoactive drugs, are what people become addicted to and are described as chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by temporarily changing perception and awareness. There are many different theories about what addiction is and why it happens but none have been proven. When a person uses psychoactive drugs they are releasing chemicals into their brain which causes a disturbance in the way the brainRead MorePsychoactive Drugs : The Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs1587 Words   |  7 PagesSingle Convention on Narcotic Drugs, where it was noted that the problem requires urgent and priority, and in 1984 in the Declaration on the fight against drug trafficking and drug abuse the entire conglomerate of problems, ranging from illicit manufacturing and trafficking to abuse, called shameful and disgusting crime. And it can be called a kind of ostrich policy† (The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961). There are four key groups of psychoactive drugs: stimulants, depressants, opioidsRead MoreInformative Speech : Psychoactive Drugs Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe second article that I felt needed revision to solidify the success of the piece was the brochure that discusses my topic of psychoactive drugs. While creating this topic in brochure form, I enjoyed the task at hand, felt at ease when creating it, so revising it would not necessarily be a burden on my part. The first major revision worth noting is the coherency. Throughout there were some word phrases that either did not flow well, were out of place, or felt too extra to the discussion at handRead MorePsychoactive Drugs And Its Effects On The Uk3996 Words   |  16 PagesBackground Psychoactive drugs can be defined as any chemical substance, whether it be of a synthetic or of an organic nature, used with the purpose of altering an individual’s psychological state of mind, mood or perception (Gossop, 1993, cited in Saggers Gray, 1998). According to Fleckenstein, Hanson Venturelli (2014), drugs are allocated into two categories consisting of illegal and legal. Illegal drugs usually consist of hallucinogenic substances such as marijuana (however, can be used forRead MoreEssay about Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effect on Consciousness989 Words   |  4 Pagesconsciousness. Along with these age old questions, also came the use of psychoactive drugs and other mind altering substances. In order to try to understand these questions, humans have experimented with drugs that alter their state of consciousness. Psychoactive drugs are defined as chemical substances that affect the brain’s functioning, causing changes in behavior, mood and consciousness. There are several different types of psychoactive drugs;, some of these include: stimulants, depressants, and most importantlyRead MoreEssay about Marijuana Should Not Be Legalized680 Words   |  3 PagesMarijuana is a green or brown mix of preserved, crushed leaves from the marijuana plant. A psychoactive drug, marijuana contains fifty-percent more tar than tobacco. Smoking the harmful plant can damage the brain, lungs, and the male reproductive system and may escalate the effects of epilepsy and psychosis (Kahler, 1988). Within campus colleges and universities, there are a lot of students who are using marijuana recreationally. Long-term marijuana use can induce negative effects on short-term memoryRead MoreEssay on Drug Use624 Words   |  3 PagesDrug Use Drug use is part of life in the United States. Some people use drugs for medical purposes and some use them to escape from reality or as a way to cope with problems. There are two main types of drugs, medicines and psychoactive drugs. Medicines are used to help the body fight injury and psychoactive drugs are used to cause a change in the users brain activity. Psychoactive drugs are very dangerous. They produce very powerful changes in the body. What a drug does is

A Report on Social Networking Media

Question: Write a Report on Social Networking Media? Answer: Introduction: The word Social Media refers to a group applications or methodologies that are entirely dependent on the power of Internet and are built on those ideological and/ or technological foundations as implemented by the Web 2.0; the applications being aimed at the creation of contents that are generated by the users of these applications and their consecutive sharing. Surveys conducted in the international domain indicate that netizens tend to spend every 1 minute surfing an online social networking site of their online presence of four and a half minutes, which is as much as 22 percent of their total internet activity. Researchers also reveal that the average length of time that each global citizen spends on surfing social media sites and developing or editing contents on such sites is as much as five and a half hour each month. The most widely visited social networking sites include Facebook, YouTube, Tumblr, Flickr, Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace, and so on. However, the list of successful social media networks keeps on growing; as such new sites are emerging in the market each day. In this paper, three such social media sites, namely the Facebook, Ello and Experience Project have been reviewed. The operating principles of these sites, their target audience and their unique business strategies have been explored in order to present a report containing the results of a comparative analysis conducted on these sites. Findings and Analysis: In the following section, the business strategies and policies incorporated by social networking sites, their target audience, the benefits being provided to the users and reasons behind the popularity of these sites have been discussed. Facebook: Facebookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ © is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©considered as the giant in the industry of aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©socialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©networkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©services: the website made a humble emergence in 2004 as online networking tool for the students of the Harvard university; however, within a year of its inception it had crossed the Atlantic and had become the most popular networking site that was being widely used by the students of various universities of the United States of America (Nicholasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©Carison,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©2011).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©A study conducted in 2015 indicates that the online social networking site has as many as 1000 million active users, half of whom use the services each day (Hong and Chiu, 2014). Facebookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©one socialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©utilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ©website that helps in the process of increasing the efficiency of communication between the users and their families, their co-workers and/or their friends. The functional structure of this networking site is such that any person having a valid Electronic mail id can open an account and be active in the Facebook network (Li, Chen and Popiel, 2015). However, the organization does not encourage users below the age of 13 to become members of this networking site (Junco, 2012). Facebook encourages their users to join various groups or communities, based on those activities that the users have expressed their interests in (Patak, n.d.). This particular networking site also provides the options of taking part in various online games and activities that are hosted by the site. While users are able to open their personal accounts on this online site, the organization also provides their account holders to open groups, fan pages or community pages where people having similar interests can exchange their views and ideas, and express their concerns and emotions (Piltz, 2013). The world has experienced the power of such Facebook communities and groups during the terrorist attacks that took place in Mumbai in 2008, the earthquake that devastated Haiti in 2010, the political turmoil that Egypt went through in 2011 which ultimately led to Hosni Mubarak stepping down from the position of the President of the country, and during the phase when rescue missions were being carried out in the Mega earthquake devastated Nepal in 2015 (Kintisch, 2014). The medical emergency that followed the terrorist attacks at Mumbai were facilitated to a great extent by the groups and community pages set up local residents, which provided continuous updates on the conditions of those who had been hit by the attacks, the medical facilities that were available to them and the facilities that they required: thus providing important information to the concerned authorities. Similar activities were observed at the time when Haiti was hit by the devastating earthquake. It is said that the Egyptian revolution of 2011 had started in response to a status update made by an Egyptian student: later on Facebook became the platform using which the entire nation raised in protest against their own government (the USA, 2015). Last but not the least, this particular social networking site came forward with an initiative that became useful in locating those who were safe and alive whe n Nepal was hit by the mega earthquakes (Bohannon, 2015). Thus, it can be said that Facebook is not only a social networking site that facilitates the process of communication between its users but has also steadily fulfilled its responsibility towards the society. Ello: Ello is yet another social networking site that emerged in the market in September 2014: the platform suddenly gained huge popularity among the news and media critics. The new media started referencing to Ello as the next big thing after Facebook and the critics applauded the business mission statement of the platform, as Ello claimed to be a social media network free of any advertisement, unlike Facebook (Arthur, 2014). As a result of this sudden attention, the site officially reported that they were receiving as many as 35,000 requests every hour: and by October 2014 the site officially declared that they were going into a beta stage and would no longer accept membership requests. However, by the end of the year, no was talking about this networking site, and the same new media that once declared this platform as the next big thing in social media started saying that this platform is dead. While the site has started accepting new membership very recently, yet the number of people who actively use this site had not been on par with the hype and buzz that was created when Ello emerged in the market. One of the primary reasons behind this might be fact that since the platform had not been accepting new members for a long period of time, their existing users were unable to add their contacts to this platform, and thus discontinued using this site; the very same reason which had forced Google to bring down their once popular social networking site Orkut (IV, 2015). Another failure on the part of the developers of Ello that media critics are quite vocal about is the very fact that the developers neither could promote their site properly, nor was it sufficient to just put up a disclaimer on the website and claim that they were much different than Facebook (USA, 2015). While both the networks were providing free subscriptions to the users, Facebook provides many other services to its users that Ello could not compete with just by being an ad-free network (Kulp, 2015). Experience project: Experience Project is a social networking site that encourages the users to write about their real life experiences, add pictures or images along with these contents, and post them on the website. Experience Project was launched in 2004 by Armen Berjikly, as a community that can be used to discuss about various real life incidents, just after a very close friend of him was diagnosed with the disease widely known as multiple sclerosis. Since then, the social media network has retained its structure of essentially being a platform used by various online communities (Experienceproject, 2015). While the social networking sites aims at connecting people with those who have had similar experiences in life, it also allows the users to post questions and other digital contents anonymously: a loophole that is being exploited by many, as evident from snapshots provided in the appendix depicting indecent comments made on several community pages. The site allows its users to take polls or surveys regarding any incident, which are often answered by other users, as encouraged by the site itself, without any background knowledge of the situation. Conclusion: The three social media sites that have been discussed in this report essentially follow the very same technological features that are used by various other such sites; they encourage their users to generate digital contents and share them with others. While Facebook considers people above the age of 13 as their target users, Ello has no such age bar; they rather insist that people who emphasize advertisement free networking websites should join them. On the other hand, Experience Project warns their users that some of the contents available on their website might not be suitable for netizens below the age of 18, and thus encourage only adult personnel to join the site. While both Facebook and Ello connect their users to those people whom they might personally know in the real world, Experience Project connects people based on the similarities of experiences shared by them. Last but not the least, Facebook has implemented strict policies using which they can restrict the usage of an a ccount that contains abusive or indecent comments, images or any other digital contents, which has still not been implemented by the other networking sites that have been reviewed in this paper. References: Arthur, C. (2014). Goodbye, Ello? Searches for new social network collapse. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/14/goodbye-ello-google-seacrhes-social-network [Accessed 31 Jul. 2015]. Bohannon, J. (2015). Why Facebook and Google succeeded. Science. Experienceproject, (2015). Experience Project - Personal Stories about any Life Experience. [online] Experienceproject.com. Available at: https://www.experienceproject.com/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2015]. Hong, F. and Chiu, S. (2014). Factors Influencing Facebook Usage and Facebook Addictive Tendency in University Students: The Role of Online Psychological Privacy and Facebook Usage Motivation. Stress Health, p.n/a-n/a. IV, J. (2015). Ello Is Becoming a Real Social Network, Even as Tech Media Pronounces It Dead. [online] Observer. Available at: https://observer.com/2015/01/ello-is-becoming-a-real-social-network-even-as-tech-media-pronounces-it-dead/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2015]. Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers Education, 58(1), pp.162-171. Kintisch, E. (2014). Is ResearchGate Facebook for science?. Science. Kulp, P. (2015). Ello mocks Facebook by being creepy. [online] Mashable. Available at: https://mashable.com/2015/06/25/ello-facebook-ads/ [Accessed 31 Jul. 2015]. Li, X., Chen, W. and Popiel, P. (2015). What happens on Facebook stays on Facebook? The implications of Facebook interaction for perceived, receiving, and giving social support. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, pp.106-113. Patak, A. (n.d.). Facebook Phenomena. SSRN Electronic Journal. Piltz, C. (2013). Facebook Ireland Ltd. / Facebook Inc. v Independent Data Protection Authority of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany--Facebook is not subject to German data protection law. International Data Privacy Law, 3(3), pp.210-212. USA, E. (2015). Ello | Beautiful ad-free.. [online] Ello. Available at: https://ello.co/beta-public-profiles [Accessed 31 Jul. 2015].

Compare World Music free essay sample

Abstract: The comparison between African and Javanese Music Throughout the music history, Western music has dominated to the world a number of regional music, and one of these is African music, which was considered to have the biggest influence because of the history of slavery. Besides, Java, an island that belongs to Indonesia, has a little impact on the development of Western music. Although several common factors still exist between them, there are several contrasts related to musical characteristics, religion and social development. African and Javanese music in general are completely different from Western music, because Westerners tried to impose their own definition of music and norms into different musical dimensions. In the gamelan music in Java, all notes can be marked on a closed circle, and end is exactly a beginning of a new cycle as time cyclical. Meanwhile, in the system of African music, Time Unit Box System has been shown to be very successful with African rhythm. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare World Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If Westerners make their music as slave of times, which means people do certain things at certain time, Africans do therwise. Time to Africans is not linear, and they do not think chronologically because time is not merely sensed by a clock with moving hands. In African Music Traditional and Contemporary, the author said that A major difference between African music with Western music is African music always tries to integrate itself with the society. (Agordoh, 29) In Africa, everyone can participate in making music, thus, African music is not described as a high art form. For Java music, it is also cited as an xpression of the essence of culture, so it is used in ritual ceremonies and other purposes rather than everyday life as in Africa. After going through some aspects related to music, we can recognize some common factors and contrasts in African and Javanese music through their history although there is no connection between them. It creates a variety of musical characteristics in World music, and understands how their music is passed through generation. Word Cited: Alexander Akorlie Agordoh, African Music Traditional and Contemporary, Nova science Inc, 2005